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Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator, or heap allocator, designedto be resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities (such as heap-based bufferoverflow, use after free,and double free)while maintaining performance. It provides the standard C allocation anddeallocation primitives (such as malloc and free), as well as the C++ primitives (such as new and delete).
Scudo is more of a mitigation than a fully fledged memory errordetector like AddressSanitizer (ASan). https://downsfiles245.weebly.com/florida-casinos-with-slot-machines.html.
Starting in the Android 11 release, scudo is used for all native code(except on low-memory devices, where jemalloc is still used). At runtime, all native heapallocations and deallocations are serviced by Scudo for all executables and their librarydependencies, and the process is aborted if a corruption or suspiciousbehavior is detected in the heap.
In Android 10, scudo had to be enabled on a per-binary basis bysetting the LOCAL_SANITIZE := scudo
option in the .mk file or thesanitize: { scudo: true, }
in the .bp file.
Scudo is open source and part of LLVM's compiler-rt project. Documentation isavailable at https://llvm.org/docs/ScudoHardenedAllocator.html. The Scudo runtime shipsas part of the Android toolchain and support was added to Soong and Maketo allow for easy enabling of the allocator in a binary.
Scudo is open source and part of LLVM's compiler-rt project. Documentation isavailable at https://llvm.org/docs/ScudoHardenedAllocator.html. The Scudo runtime shipsas part of the Android toolchain and support was added to Soong and Maketo allow for easy enabling of the allocator in a binary.
You can enable or disable extra mitigation withinthe allocator using the options described below.
Customization
Some parameters of the allocator can be defined on a per-process basisthrough several ways:
- Statically: Define a
__scudo_default_options
functionin the program that returns the options string to be parsed. This functionmust have the following prototype:extern 'C' const char*__scudo_default_options()
. - Dynamically: Use the environment variable
SCUDO_OPTIONS
containing the options string to be parsed. Options defined this wayoverride any definition made through__scudo_default_options
.
The following options are available.
Note: Frontend options have adifferent name format than backend options.Option | 64-bit default | 32-bit default | Description |
---|---|---|---|
QuarantineSizeKb | 256 | 64 | The size (in KB) of quarantine used to delay the actual deallocation ofchunks. A lower value may reduce memory usage but decrease the effectivenessof the mitigation; a negative value falls back to the defaults. Settingboth this and ThreadLocalQuarantineSizeKb to zero disables thequarantine entirely. |
QuarantineChunksUpToSize | 2048 | 512 | The size (in bytes) up to which chunks can be quarantined. |
ThreadLocalQuarantineSizeKb | 64 | 16 | The size (in KB) of per-thread cache use to offload the global quarantine.A lower value may reduce memory usage but might increase contention on theglobal quarantine. Setting both this and QuarantineSizeKb to zerodisables the quarantine entirely. |
DeallocationTypeMismatch | false | false | Enables error reporting on malloc/delete, new/free, new/delete[] |
DeleteSizeMismatch | true | true | Enables error reporting on mismatch between sizes of new anddelete. |
ZeroContents | false | false | Enables zero chunk contents on allocation and deallocation. |
allocator_may_return_null | false | false | Specifies that the allocator can return null when a recoverable erroroccurs, instead of terminating the process. |
hard_rss_limit_mb | 0 | 0 | When the process's RSS reaches this limit, the process terminates. |
soft_rss_limit_mb | 0 | 0 | When the process's RSS reaches this limit, further allocations fail orreturn null (depending on the value of allocator_may_return_null ), untilthe RSS goes back down to allow for new allocations. |
allocator_release_to_os_interval_ms | N/A | 5000 | Only affects a 64-bit allocator. If set, tries to release unused memory tothe OS, but not more often than this interval (in milliseconds).If the value is negative, memory isn't released to the OS. |
abort_on_error | true | true | If set, the tool calls abort() instead of _exit() after printing the error message. |
Validation
Currently, there are no CTS tests specifically for Scudo. Instead, make surethat CTS tests pass with or without Scudo enabled for a given binary to verifythat it doesn't impact the device.
Troubleshooting
If a non-recoverable issue is detected, the allocatordisplays an error message to the standard error descriptor and then terminates the process.Stack traces that lead to the termination are added in the system log.The output usually starts with Scudo ERROR:
followed by ashort summary of the problem along with any pointers.
Here is a list of the current error messages and their potentialcauses:
Scudo 1 0 Beta 102 Mg
corrupted chunk header
: The checksum verification of thechunk header has failed. This is likely due to one of two things: the header wasoverwritten (partially or totally), or the pointer passed to the function is nota chunk.race on chunk header
: Two different threads are attempting tomanipulate the same header at the same time. This is usually symptomatic of arace-condition or general lack of locking when performing operations on thatchunk.invalid chunk state
: The chunk isn't in the expected state fora given operation, for example, it's not allocated when trying to free it, or it's notquarantined when trying to recycle it. A double free is the typical reasonfor this error.misaligned pointer
: Basic alignmentrequirements are strongly enforced: 8 bytes on 32-bit platforms and 16 bytes on 64-bit platforms.If a pointer passed to our functions does not fit those, the pointer passed to one of thefunctions is out of alignment.allocation type mismatch
: When this option is enabled,a deallocation function called on a chunk has tomatch the type of function that was called to allocate it.This type of mismatch can introduce security issues.invalid sized delete
: When the C++14 sized delete operator isused, and the optional check is enabled, there's a mismatch between the size thatwas passed when deallocating a chunk and the size that was requested when allocating it.This is typically a compiler issue or atype confusionon the object being deallocated.RSS limit exhausted
: The maximum RSS optionally specified hasbeen exceeded.
If you're debugging a crash in the OS itself, you can use aHWASan OS build. If you'redebugging a crash in an app, it's possible to use aHWASan app build too.
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